From CERN [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH) “Accelerating Science”: “Major boost to European plasma accelerator facility”

From CERN [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH) “Accelerating Science”

Knowledge Transfer

12.7.22 [Just today in social media.]

EuPRAXIA is the first European project that develops a dedicated particle accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology.

Projected building for the particle-driven plasma accelerator of EuPRAXIA in Frascati, near Rome (Credit: INFN & Mythos – consorzio stabile s.c.a.r.l.).

The European plasma accelerator community has received a major impulse for the development of a user-ready plasma accelerator facility with the funding of several multi-million euro initiatives under the umbrella of the EuPRAXIA project. These are EuPRAXIA Preparatory Phase, EuPRAXIA Doctoral Network, and EuPRAXIA Advanced Photon Sources, as well as funding for the construction of one of the sites of EuPRAXIA in Frascati, near Rome.

The EuPRAXIA project aims at the construction of an innovative electron accelerator using laser- and electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration that offers a significant reduction in size and possible savings in cost over current state-of-the-art radiofrequency-based accelerators.

The EuPRAXIA project started with a Design Study, which was funded under the EU Horizon 2020 programme, and culminated at the end of 2019 with the publication of the worldwide first Conceptual Design Report for a plasma accelerator facility. EuPRAXIA was then included in 2021 in the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) Roadmap, which identifies those research facilities of pan-European importance that correspond to the long-term needs of the European research communities.

Now the EU, the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation and the UK Research and Innovation Guarantee Funds have awarded 3.69 M€ to the EuPRAXIA Preparatory Phase (PP), which comprises 34 participating institutes from Italy, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USA and CERN as International Organization.

The new grant will give the consortium a unique chance to prepare over the next four years the full implementation and realisation of EuPRAXIA. The project will fund 548 person-months, including additional funding from UK and Switzerland, and will be supported by an additional 1,010 person-months in-kind. EuPRAXIA-PP will connect research institutions and industry from the above countries plus China, Japan, Poland, and Sweden, which had signed the EuPRAXIA ESFRI consortium agreement.

This Preparatory Phase project will define the full implementation of the 569 M€ EuPRAXIA facility as a new, distributed ESFRI Research Infrastructure for Europe.

Alongside EuPRAXIA-PP, a new Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Doctoral Network (EuPRAXIA-DN), coordinated by INFN – Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics, has also been funded by the EU and the UKRI Guarantee Funds. EuPRAXIA-DN will offer twelve high-level fellowships between universities, research centres and industry that will carry out an interdisciplinary and cross-sector plasma accelerator research and training program. The network will start in January 2023 and benefit from more than 3.2 M€ of funding over its four-year duration.

EuPRAXIA-DN will focus on scientific and technical innovations and on boosting the career prospects of its Fellows. The project comprises a lot of the European expertise in this research area and involves ten universities, six national and international research centres, as well as seven partners from industry at project start.

Finally, the Italian Ministry of Universities and Research is supporting through the Next Generation EU recovery funds (PNRR) the EuPRAXIA Advanced Photon Sources project (EuAPS) with 22 M€. The project has been promoted by INFN (leading institution), CNR – Italian National Research Council, and Tor Vergata University of Rome.

EuAPS will fulfil some of the scientific goals defined in the EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report by building and commissioning a distributed user facility providing users with advanced photon sources; these consist of a plasma based betatron source delivering partially coherent soft X-rays, a mid-power, high repetition rate laser, and a high power laser.

The above mentioned funding comes in addition to about 120 M€ funding for construction of the beam-driven pillar of EuPRAXIA at Frascati, close to Rome, provided by Italian government, the Latium region and INFN. Research and development activities for the beam-driven facility are currently being performed at the INFN SPARC_LAB laboratory in Frascati. The European site for the second, laser-driven leg of EuPRAXIA will be decided in June 2024 as part of the Preparatory Phase project.

Dr Massimo Ferrario, project leader at the SPARC_LAB laboratory and senior researcher at INFN, says: “The foreseen electron energy range of one to five GeV will enable various applications in diverse domains, for instance, as a compact free-electron laser, compact sources for medical imaging and positron generation, table-top test beams for particle detectors, and deeply penetrating X-ray and gamma-ray sources for material testing. Moreover, EuPRAXIA is designed to be the required stepping stone to possible future plasma-based facilities, such as linear colliders at the high-energy physics energy frontier.”

The coordinator of the EuPRAXIA consortium, Dr Ralph Assmann, senior research associate at INFN and Leading Scientist for Accelerator R&D at DESY, says: “This additional success for our accelerator field has been achieved thanks to the excellence, ingenuity and hard work of several hundreds of physicists, engineers, students and support staff, who worked on EuPRAXIA since 2015, connecting 50 institutes and industries from 15 countries in Europe, Asia and the United States.”
_____________________________________________________________________
The EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report has been published in the European Physics Journal: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000127-8. The update of the ESFRI roadmap from December 2021 is available at https://www.esfri.eu/esfri-roadmap.

The Members of EuPRAXIA Preparatory Phase are: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste; Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenible; Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”; Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Thales Las France SAS; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); Ferdinand-Braun-Institut; Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Wigner Research Centre for Physics; University of Szeged; University of Pécs; Instituto Superior Técnico; Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; CERN; Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications; Centro de Láseres Pulsados Ultracortos Ultraintensos; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology; and Sincrotrón ALBA-CELLS.

The Associated Partners of EuPRAXIA Preparatory Phase are: The Queen’s University of Belfast; Science and Technology Facilities Council; University of Liverpool; University of Strathclyde; University of Oxford; University of California- Los Angeles; Imperial College London; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; and Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology.

The EuPRAXIA Doctoral Network comprises: CIVIDEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), ELI Beamlines, Instituto Superior Técnico, Instrumentation Technologies, Lunds Universitet, and University of Pécs as Beneficiaries, and Carbon Digital, Ceske Vysoke Uceni Technicke V Praze, D-BEAM, ELI-NP, Fistral Training and Consultancy Ltd., FOTON, Holdsworth Associates, Consorzio di Ricerca HYPATIA, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, RACAH Institute of Physics, STFC Rutherford Lab, Vienna University of Technology, University of Liverpool, Università di Pisa, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, and Wigner Research Centre for Physics as Associated Partners.

In addition the ESFRI consortium includes: Synchrotron SOLEIL; Amplitude Technologies; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Helmholtz-Institut Jena; Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IFPiLM); Łódz University of Technology; Military University of Technology; Narodowe Centrum Badan Jadrowych (NCBJ); Warsaw University of Technology; University of Warsaw; Lund University; University of Manchester; University of York; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Osaka University; Kansai Photon Science Institute (KPSI), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); RIKEN SPring-8 Center; The DOE Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

See the full article here .

Comments are invited and will be appreciated, especially if the reader finds any errors which I can correct.

five-ways-keep-your-child-safe-school-shootings

Please help promote STEM in your local schools.

Stem Education Coalition

Our mission

The Knowledge Transfer group at CERN (CH) aims to engage with experts in science, technology and industry in order to create opportunities for the transfer of CERN’s technology and know-how. The ultimate goal is to accelerate innovation and maximise the global positive impact of CERN on society. This is done by promoting and transferring the technological and human capital developed at CERN. The CERN KT group promotes CERN as a centre of technological excellence, and promotes the positive impact of fundamental research organizations on society.

“Places like CERN contribute to the kind of knowledge that not only enriches humanity, but also provides the wellspring of ideas that become the technologies of the future.”

Fabiola Gianotti, Director-General of CERN

Fabiola Gianotti

From Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire technologies to society

Below, you can see how CERN’s various areas of expertise translates into impact across industries beyond CERN. Read more about this at the from CERN technologies to society page.

Meet CERN in a variety of places:

Quantum Diaries

Cern Courier

THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS

The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), CERN’s second-largest accelerator. (Image: Julien Ordan/CERN).

THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATLAS another view Image Claudia Marcelloni ATLAS CERN.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALICE.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CMS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCb.

LHC

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] map.

3D cut of the LHC dipole CERN LHC underground tunnel and tube.

The LHC magnets surround the beampipe along its 27 km circumference- Image CERN

CERN SixTrack LHC particles.

OTHER PROJECTS AT CERN

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AEGIS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALPHA Antimatter Factory.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALPHA-g Detector.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AMS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ASACUSA.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear] [ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATRAP.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] Antiproton Decelerator.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AWAKE.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] BASE instrument.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN] [CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CAST Axion Solar Telescope.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CLOUD.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] COMPASS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CRIS experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] DIRAC.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] FASER experiment schematic.

CERN FASER is designed to study the interactions of high-energy neutrinos and search for new as-yet-undiscovered light and weakly interacting particles. Such particles are dominantly produced along the beam collision axis and may be long-lived particles, travelling hundreds of metres before decaying. The existence of such new particles is predicted by many models beyond the Standard Model that attempt to solve some of the biggest puzzles in physics, such as the nature of dark matter and the origin of neutrino masses.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] GBAR.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ISOLDE Looking down into the ISOLDE experimental hall.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCf.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] The MoEDAL experiment- a new light on the high-energy frontier.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NA62.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NA64.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] n_TOF.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] TOTEM.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] UA9.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] The SPS’s new RF system.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] Proto Dune.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] HiRadMat-High Radiation to Materials.

The SND@LHC experiment consists of an emulsion/tungsten target for neutrinos (yellow) interleaved with electronic tracking devices (grey), followed downstream by a detector (brown) to identify muons and measure the energy of the neutrinos. (Image: Antonio Crupano/SND@LHC)

From CERN [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH) “Accelerating Science”: “CLIC looks towards 2025”

From CERN [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH) “Accelerating Science”

Knowledge Transfer

12.15.22
Steinar Stapnes

CLIC is being optimized in preparation of a 2025 Readiness Report.

CERN CLIC Collider annotated.

CERN CLIC annotated.

Machines, Projects and Experiments operating at CERN LHC and CLIC at three levels of power.

The CLIC drive beam linear accelerator (DBA) relies on the generation of a 1 GHz RF power.

The CLIC collaboration is looking towards the next European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update around 2025-26. The current plan is to submit a Project Readiness Report (PRR) at that time, as a step toward a Technical Design Report. During the first week of December the collaboration met to discuss the progress towards the PRR.

The starting point is that the CLIC 380 GeV Higgs and top factory project studies, covering the accelerator and detector & physics performances, are already very mature. The CLIC collaboration submitted an extended set of documents for the European strategy process in 2018-19. Nevertheless, improvements are possible in several areas. In 2022 a number of more recent studies, with updated parameters for parts of the accelerator complex, were included in a white paper for the Snowmass process [1].

Among the changes included were increased luminosity numbers for the initial stage of 380 GeV and reduced power consumption. The luminosity results are based on extensive beam-dynamics studies, folding in dynamics and static effects that can perturb the CLIC nanobeams, and the hardware needed to create, measure and correct the beams from the injectors, through the damping rings, main linacs and beam-delivery systems. Issues such as effective damping, alignment, stray fields, thermal and mechanical stability, ground vibrations, instrumentation, focusing, field qualities and correctors, as well as feedback and steering algorithms, are included in these studies [2]. Further work will consolidate these studies and also go deeper into the robustness and redundancies of the systems and algorithms.

The power and energy optimization studies have also produced impressive results, to a level that annual running of CLIC at 380 GeV will be as low as 50% of CERN’s energy consumptions today. These studies are discussed in [3], and include design changes, technical improvements, most notably klystrons efficiency improvements, and optimized operation models making use of the ability of a linear collider to adjust its power consumption quickly. Future studies of power, energy and sustainability in general will include these improvements also for the 1.5 and 3 TeV possible upgrade stages, as well as the benefits of additional technical developments, e.g. permanent magnets (designed and successfully prototyped but currently not included in the power estimates). The carbon footprint and rare earth material estimates will also be addressed. While operation of future accelerators will benefit strongly from future carbon neutral energy, the carbon footprints related to the construction, as civil engineering, components and raw materials, will remain important and need to be estimated.  

Another important development is that the X-band RF technology has successfully been exported into very many compact beamline systems being designed for numerous potential applications in medicine, research and industry. This development was initiated already 6-7 years ago with the Horizon 2020 CompactLight Design Study for a compact Free Electron Laser (FEL) facility based on X-band technology [4]. The impact on industrial readiness for CLIC is important, as much more is invested in constructing relevant equipment and components than what the Particle Physics community can provide. Collaboration with, and support for, these projects remain crucial, not least to make sure the parameters needed for CLIC are being pursued. These developments are evolving quickly and the state of the art will be summarized in the CLIC PRR.

CLIC is very dependent on RF performance and optimization of the RF complex. As a part of the PRR the injector complex will be re-examined, the damping ring RF revisited (this is already partly done to reduce power), the X-band structures optimized for large-scale production, and more long-term R&D, e.g. related to cool copper with HTS coating, for gradient and power efficiency, pursued. This work covers all aspects from RF design to construction of components, and testing in the X-band test-stands at CERN and elsewhere. The results are expected to provide a more optimized accelerator design also more suitable for large scale component production. Module studies and assemblies are also being pursued to make sure the accelerator can be constructed and installed in modular manner. 
____________________________________________________________________
References:

Comparative studies will be carried out for a klystron-based implementation, optimized for luminosity at reduced power. Similar studies were made in 2016 but all the progress in components and klystrons would make it interesting to repeat, and re-optimize for both (primarily) reduced power and (secondarily) cost. In 2016 the optimization was done primarily for cost.

A cost update for CLIC will be included in the PRR. A detailed cost estimate was made in 2018 based on a detailed work breakdown structure, including civil engineering and infrastructure. The recent inflation related to energy, civil engineering and material prices necessitates an update. It is likely the carbon footprint and rare earth studies will also drive changes that in detail differ from the choices made some years back, and might impact costs.

Related to CLIC but under the larger heading of Linear Collider studies several studies are in common with or related to similar studies for the International Linear Collider (ILC). While ILC-specific studies will not be included in the CLIC PRR, the progress and situation of ILC will be important in relation to future projects at CERN in general and CLIC in particular. ILC can be implemented relatively quickly in Japan but if the hosting issue is not settled soon it is natural to consider the possibility of an ILC implementation at CERN so as to have a comparison of its relative merits and opportunities with respect to CLIC. For a given energy ILC is a larger facility, and has a smaller range of energy expandability than CLIC, but with a technology and design that are very mature and well established in laboratories and industries worldwide as they are being used in relevant large FEL linacs in Europe, US and Asia. The feasibility of running one arm of ILC in continuous wave mode to collide its electrons with LHC protons, unique to CERN, should also be considered in this perspective.

For both CLIC and ILC complementary physics opportunities with electron beams, in addition to operating in collider mode, also need to be studied and documented further. Additional considerations of upgrading an initial LC facility implementation so as to utilize potentially improved future RF technologies are also needed.

The issues discussed above will be main focus of forthcoming CLIC studies and meetings in 2023-25.

[1] 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.09186

[2]

“Accelerator sensitivity to ultra-low stray magnetic field”, Accelerating News, issue 34.
“Report on the Nanobeam Technologies Conference”, Accelerating News, issue 36.

[3]

“Optimizing CLIC for reducing the electricity consumption at machine and laboratory level”, Accelerating News, issue 41.
“The efficiency frontiers for high RF power L-band Multi-Beam Klystrons”, Accelerating News, issue 33.
“Permanent magnets, a new design paradigm for ultra-low emittance rings”, Accelerating News, issue 40.

[4]

CompactLight:

“New light on innovative designs for compact, high-brilliance X-ray sources”, Accelerating News, issue 38.
“CompactLight completes the Conceptual Design Report for an advanced and compact hard X-ray facility”, Accelerating News, issue 39.

SmartLight:

“Smart*Light in Eindhoven, status and plans”, at CLIC Meeting, 7 December 2022.
“Xcitement down under: Australia gets first X-band facility”, Accelerating News, issue 36.

INFN:

“INFN-LNF update on the X-band activities”, at CLIC Meeting, 7 December 2022.

FLASH:

“CERN, CHUV and THERYQ join forces for a world first in cancer radiotherapy”, home.cern, 25 November 2022.

See the full article here .

Comments are invited and will be appreciated, especially if the reader finds any errors which I can correct.

five-ways-keep-your-child-safe-school-shootings

Please help promote STEM in your local schools.

Stem Education Coalition

Our mission

The Knowledge Transfer group at CERN (CH) aims to engage with experts in science, technology and industry in order to create opportunities for the transfer of CERN’s technology and know-how. The ultimate goal is to accelerate innovation and maximise the global positive impact of CERN on society. This is done by promoting and transferring the technological and human capital developed at CERN. The CERN KT group promotes CERN as a centre of technological excellence, and promotes the positive impact of fundamental research organizations on society.

“Places like CERN contribute to the kind of knowledge that not only enriches humanity, but also provides the wellspring of ideas that become the technologies of the future.”

Fabiola Gianotti, Director-General of CERN

Fabiola Gianotti

From Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire technologies to society

Below, you can see how CERN’s various areas of expertise translates into impact across industries beyond CERN. Read more about this at the from CERN technologies to society page.

Meet CERN in a variety of places:

Quantum Diaries

Cern Courier

THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS

The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), CERN’s second-largest accelerator. (Image: Julien Ordan/CERN).

THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATLAS another view Image Claudia Marcelloni ATLAS CERN.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALICE.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CMS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCb.

LHC

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] map.

3D cut of the LHC dipole CERN LHC underground tunnel and tube.

The LHC magnets surround the beampipe along its 27 km circumference- Image CERN

CERN SixTrack LHC particles.

OTHER PROJECTS AT CERN

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AEGIS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALPHA Antimatter Factory.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALPHA-g Detector.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AMS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ASACUSA.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear] [ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATRAP.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] Antiproton Decelerator.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AWAKE.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] BASE instrument.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN] [CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CAST Axion Solar Telescope.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CLOUD.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] COMPASS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CRIS experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] DIRAC.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] FASER experiment schematic.

CERN FASER is designed to study the interactions of high-energy neutrinos and search for new as-yet-undiscovered light and weakly interacting particles. Such particles are dominantly produced along the beam collision axis and may be long-lived particles, travelling hundreds of metres before decaying. The existence of such new particles is predicted by many models beyond the Standard Model that attempt to solve some of the biggest puzzles in physics, such as the nature of dark matter and the origin of neutrino masses.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] GBAR.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ISOLDE Looking down into the ISOLDE experimental hall.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCf.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] The MoEDAL experiment- a new light on the high-energy frontier.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NA62.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NA64.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] n_TOF.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] TOTEM.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] UA9.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] The SPS’s new RF system.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] Proto Dune.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] HiRadMat-High Radiation to Materials.

The SND@LHC experiment consists of an emulsion/tungsten target for neutrinos (yellow) interleaved with electronic tracking devices (grey), followed downstream by a detector (brown) to identify muons and measure the energy of the neutrinos. (Image: Antonio Crupano/SND@LHC)

From [CERN][La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH): “BioDynaMo modelling platform accelerates biological simulation and more”

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN].

From [CERN][La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)

12.7.22
Andrew Purcell

The BioDynaMo project launched by CERN openlab in 2015 has now reached maturity and is seeking new applications.

A simulation created with the BioDynaMo platform (Image: CERN)

BioDynaMo (Biology Dynamics Modeller) is an open-source software platform for creating, running and visualizing all kinds of 3D agent-based simulations. Agent-based modelling focuses on the individual active components of a system. It is a powerful methodology for studying complex systems in biology, epidemiology, economics, social sciences, medicine and more.

The BioDynaMo project was launched in 2015 as part of CERN openlab’s work with Intel on code modernization, and received support from the CERN budget for knowledge transfer for medical applications. Its primary goal was to accelerate biological simulation.

The main advantage of BioDynaMo compared with similar tools is that it has been heavily optimized to take full advantage of modern (multi-core and GPU) hardware and can greatly reduce simulation time, thus allowing researchers to simulate several scenarios in a reasonable time frame. These features have convinced several laboratories to switch to BioDynaMo for running their simulations. For example, the platform has been used to simulate the spread of COVID-19 in enclosed spaces and to examine socio-economic inequities in the Netherlands.

The technical coordination of the BioDynaMo project has now been transferred from CERN to the University of Cyprus. This marks a significant milestone in the lifecycle of the project. The project team thanks Fons Rademakers and his colleagues for the excellent job they have done guiding BioDynaMo’s development and is now actively seeking new applications for this powerful platform. “We are proud to have incubated this successful project,” says Alberto Di Meglio, head of CERN openlab. “With BioDynaMo having reached a sufficient level of technical maturity, the time is right for the consortium to explore new applications in and partnerships with other research fields, ensuring maximum impact for society.”

BioDynaMo is one of the technologies selected for the CERN Technology Impact Fund, a new scheme that supports CERN technologies with a strong potential to address global societal issues.

See the full article here.

Comments are invited and will be appreciated, especially if the reader finds any errors which I can correct. Use “Reply”.

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THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATLAS another view Image Claudia Marcelloni ATLAS CERN.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALICE.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CMS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCb.

LHC

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][ Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organization für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] map.

3D cut of the LHC dipole CERN LHC underground tunnel and tube.

The LHC magnets surround the beampipe along its 27 km circumference- Image CERN

CERN SixTrack LHC particles.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organization européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU), known as CERN, is a European research organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, the organization is based in a northwest suburb of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border and has 23 member states. Israel is the only non-European country granted full membership. CERN is an official United Nations Observer.

The acronym CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory, which in 2019 had 2,660 scientific, technical, and administrative staff members, and hosted about 12,400 users from institutions in more than 70 countries. In 2016 CERN generated 49 petabytes of data.

CERN’s main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research – as a result, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN through international collaborations. The main site at Meyrin hosts a large computing facility, which is primarily used to store and analyse data from experiments, as well as simulate events. Researchers need remote access to these facilities, so the lab has historically been a major wide area network hub. CERN is also the birthplace of the World Wide Web.

The convention establishing CERN was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe. The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 European governments in 1952. The acronym was retained for the new laboratory after the provisional council was dissolved, even though the name changed to the current Organization Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research)(EU) in 1954. According to Lew Kowarski, a former director of CERN, when the name was changed, the abbreviation could have become the awkward OERN, and Werner Heisenberg said that this could “still be CERN even if the name is [not]”.

CERN’s first president was Sir Benjamin Lockspeiser. Edoardo Amaldi was the general secretary of CERN at its early stages when operations were still provisional, while the first Director-General (1954) was Felix Bloch.

The laboratory was originally devoted to the study of atomic nuclei, but was soon applied to higher-energy physics, concerned mainly with the study of interactions between subatomic particles. Therefore, the laboratory operated by CERN is commonly referred to as the European laboratory for particle physics (Laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules), which better describes the research being performed there.

Founding members

At the sixth session of the CERN Council, which took place in Paris from 29 June – 1 July 1953, the convention establishing the organization was signed, subject to ratification, by 12 states. The convention was gradually ratified by the 12 founding Member States: Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and “Yugoslavia”.

Scientific achievements

Several important achievements in particle physics have been made through experiments at CERN. They include:

1973: The discovery of neutral currents in the Gargamelle bubble chamber.
1983: The discovery of W and Z bosons in the UA1 and UA2 experiments.
1989: The determination of the number of light neutrino families at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) operating on the Z boson peak.
1995: The first creation of antihydrogen atoms in the PS210 experiment.
1999: The discovery of direct CP violation in the NA48 experiment.
2010: The isolation of 38 atoms of antihydrogen.
2011: Maintaining antihydrogen for over 15 minutes.
2012: A boson with mass around 125 GeV/c2 consistent with the long-sought Higgs boson.

In September 2011, CERN attracted media attention when the OPERA Collaboration reported the detection of possibly faster-than-light neutrinos. Further tests showed that the results were flawed due to an incorrectly connected GPS synchronization cable.

The 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for the developments that resulted in the discoveries of the W and Z bosons. The 1992 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to CERN staff researcher Georges Charpak “for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber”. The 2013 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to François Englert and Peter Higgs for the theoretical description of the Higgs mechanism in the year after the Higgs boson was found by CERN experiments.

Computer science

The World Wide Web began as a CERN project named ENQUIRE, initiated by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 and Robert Cailliau in 1990. Berners-Lee and Cailliau were jointly honoured by the Association for Computing Machinery in 1995 for their contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.

Current complex

CERN operates a network of six accelerators and a decelerator. Each machine in the chain increases the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or to the next more powerful accelerator. Currently (as of 2019) active machines are:

The LINAC 3 linear accelerator generating low energy particles. It provides heavy ions at 4.2 MeV/u for injection into the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR).
The Proton Synchrotron Booster increases the energy of particles generated by the proton linear accelerator before they are transferred to the other accelerators.
The Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) accelerates the ions from the ion linear accelerator LINAC 3, before transferring them to the Proton Synchrotron (PS). This accelerator was commissioned in 2005, after having been reconfigured from the previous Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR).
The 28 GeV Proton Synchrotron (PS), built during 1954—1959 and still operating as a feeder to the more powerful SPS.
The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), a circular accelerator with a diameter of 2 kilometres built in a tunnel, which started operation in 1976. It was designed to deliver an energy of 300 GeV and was gradually upgraded to 450 GeV. As well as having its own beamlines for fixed-target experiments (currently COMPASS and NA62), it has been operated as a proton–antiproton collider (the SppS collider), and for accelerating high energy electrons and positrons which were injected into the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP). Since 2008, it has been used to inject protons and heavy ions into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
The On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (ISOLDE), which is used to study unstable nuclei. The radioactive ions are produced by the impact of protons at an energy of 1.0–1.4 GeV from the Proton Synchrotron Booster. It was first commissioned in 1967 and was rebuilt with major upgrades in 1974 and 1992.
The Antiproton Decelerator (AD), which reduces the velocity of antiprotons to about 10% of the speed of light for research of antimatter.[50] The AD machine was reconfigured from the previous Antiproton Collector (AC) machine.
The AWAKE experiment, which is a proof-of-principle plasma wakefield accelerator.
The CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) accelerator research and development facility.

Large Hadron Collider

Many activities at CERN currently involve operating the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the experiments for it. The LHC represents a large-scale, worldwide scientific cooperation project.

The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains. The majority of its length is on the French side of the border. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), which was shut down in November 2000. CERN’s existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes are used to pre-accelerate protons and lead ions which are then injected into the LHC.

Eight experiments (CMS, ATLAS, LHCb, MoEDAL, TOTEM, LHCf, FASER and ALICE) are located along the collider; each of them studies particle collisions from a different aspect, and with different technologies. Construction for these experiments required an extraordinary engineering effort. For example, a special crane was rented from Belgium to lower pieces of the CMS detector into its cavern, since each piece weighed nearly 2,000 tons. The first of the approximately 5,000 magnets necessary for construction was lowered down a special shaft at 13:00 GMT on 7 March 2005.

The LHC has begun to generate vast quantities of data, which CERN streams to laboratories around the world for distributed processing (making use of a specialized grid infrastructure, the LHC Computing Grid). During April 2005, a trial successfully streamed 600 MB/s to seven different sites across the world.

The initial particle beams were injected into the LHC August 2008. The first beam was circulated through the entire LHC on 10 September 2008, but the system failed 10 days later because of a faulty magnet connection, and it was stopped for repairs on 19 September 2008.

The LHC resumed operation on 20 November 2009 by successfully circulating two beams, each with an energy of 3.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV). The challenge for the engineers was then to try to line up the two beams so that they smashed into each other. This is like “firing two needles across the Atlantic and getting them to hit each other” according to Steve Myers, director for accelerators and technology.

On 30 March 2010, the LHC successfully collided two proton beams with 3.5 TeV of energy per proton, resulting in a 7 TeV collision energy. However, this was just the start of what was needed for the expected discovery of the Higgs boson. When the 7 TeV experimental period ended, the LHC revved to 8 TeV (4 TeV per proton) starting March 2012, and soon began particle collisions at that energy. In July 2012, CERN scientists announced the discovery of a new sub-atomic particle that was later confirmed to be the Higgs boson.

European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) ATLAS Higgs Event June 18, 2012.

European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)CMS Higgs Event May 27, 2012.

Peter Higgs – University of Edinburgh [Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann] (SCT).

In March 2013, CERN announced that the measurements performed on the newly found particle allowed it to conclude that this is a Higgs boson. In early 2013, the LHC was deactivated for a two-year maintenance period, to strengthen the electrical connections between magnets inside the accelerator and for other upgrades.

On 5 April 2015, after two years of maintenance and consolidation, the LHC restarted for a second run. The first ramp to the record-breaking energy of 6.5 TeV was performed on 10 April 2015. In 2016, the design collision rate was exceeded for the first time. A second two-year period of shutdown begun at the end of 2018.

Accelerators under construction

As of October 2019, the construction is on-going to upgrade the LHC’s luminosity in a project called High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC).

This project should see the LHC accelerator upgraded by 2026 to an order of magnitude higher luminosity.

As part of the HL-LHC upgrade project, also other CERN accelerators and their subsystems are receiving upgrades. Among other work, the LINAC 2 linear accelerator injector was decommissioned, to be replaced by a new injector accelerator, the LINAC4 in 2020.

Possible future accelerators

CERN, in collaboration with groups worldwide, is investigating two main concepts for future accelerators: A linear electron-positron collider with a new acceleration concept to increase the energy (CLIC) and a larger version of the LHC, a project currently named Future Circular Collider.

CERN CLIC collider

CERN FCC Future Circular Collider details of proposed 100km-diameter successor to LHC.

Not discussed or described, but worthy of consideration is the ILC, International Linear Collider in the planning stages for construction in Japan.

ILC schematic, being planned for the Kitakami highland, in the Iwate prefecture of northern Japan.

Participation

Since its foundation by 12 members in 1954, CERN regularly accepted new members. All new members have remained in the organization continuously since their accession, except Spain and Yugoslavia. Spain first joined CERN in 1961, withdrew in 1969, and rejoined in 1983. Yugoslavia was a founding member of CERN but quit in 1961. Of the 23 members, Israel joined CERN as a full member on 6 January 2014, becoming the first (and currently only) non-European full member.

Enlargement

Associate Members, Candidates:

Turkey signed an association agreement on 12 May 2014 and became an associate member on 6 May 2015.
Pakistan signed an association agreement on 19 December 2014 and became an associate member on 31 July 2015.
Cyprus signed an association agreement on 5 October 2012 and became an associate Member in the pre-stage to membership on 1 April 2016.
Ukraine signed an association agreement on 3 October 2013. The agreement was ratified on 5 October 2016.
India signed an association agreement on 21 November 2016. The agreement was ratified on 16 January 2017.
Slovenia was approved for admission as an Associate Member state in the pre-stage to membership on 16 December 2016. The agreement was ratified on 4 July 2017.
Lithuania was approved for admission as an Associate Member state on 16 June 2017. The association agreement was signed on 27 June 2017 and ratified on 8 January 2018.
Croatia was approved for admission as an Associate Member state on 28 February 2019. The agreement was ratified on 10 October 2019.
Estonia was approved for admission as an Associate Member in the pre-stage to membership state on 19 June 2020. The agreement was ratified on 1 February 2021.

From “Physics” : “Controlling Instabilities in a Plasma Particle Accelerator”

About Physics

From “Physics”

July 6, 2022
Allison Gasparini

Researchers demonstrate that the self-modulation of a proton bunch can be controlled if the protons are preceded by a bunch of relativistic electrons.

L. Verra et al. (AWAKE Collaboration) [1].

CERN AWAKE schematic.

CERN AWAKE.

CERN AWAKE.

In conventional particle accelerators, particles are propelled using radio-frequency cavities, typically completing multiple laps of a circuit before reaching their target energy. An alternative technique that can get particles up to speed much more quickly is proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration, but this method is prone to the self-modulation instability (SMI), which breaks the particle bunch into a train of microbunches. Now, researchers at the Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN have found a way to control how the SMI develops, suggesting the possibility of exploiting the effect in future particle accelerators [1].

When a proton bunch is injected into a plasma at relativistic speeds, it generates a sequence of electron-density waves called wakefields. “Surfing” these waves is how subsequently injected charged particles can be accelerated at rates beyond conventional accelerators. But the wakefields can also affect the proton bunch itself, amplifying initial proton-density variations in an unpredictable, self-reinforcing process that makes it difficult to synchronize the injection of the particles to be accelerated.

The AWAKE team took control of this process by injecting a relativistic electron bunch into the plasma less than a nanosecond before the protons. These electrons drive wakefields that are strong enough to overwhelm density fluctuations in the plasma and in the proton bunch, which would usually make the outcome of the SMI uncertain. Crucially, the researchers found that the amplitude of the wakefields and the growth of the SMI could be regulated by varying the total charge in the electron bunch. The researchers hope that this new ability to control and reproduce the SMI can be applied to accelerate electron beams in particle-physics experiments in the next decade.

References:

L. Verra et al. (AWAKE Collaboration), “Controlled growth of the self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 024802 (2022).

See the full article here .

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Physicists are drowning in a flood of research papers in their own fields and coping with an even larger deluge in other areas of physics. How can an active researcher stay informed about the most important developments in physics? Physics highlights a selection of papers from the Physical Review journals. In consultation with expert scientists, the editors choose these papers for their importance and/or intrinsic interest. To highlight these papers, Physics features three kinds of articles: Viewpoints are commentaries written by active researchers, who are asked to explain the results to physicists in other subfields. Focus stories are written by professional science writers in a journalistic style and are intended to be accessible to students and non-experts. Synopses are brief editor-written summaries. Physics provides a much-needed guide to the best in physics, and we welcome your comments.

From The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN] (CH) “Accelerating Science” : “A new concept of using THz radiation for electron acceleration”

From The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN] (CH) “Accelerating Science”

Knowledge Transfer

10 June, 2022
By Rasmus Ischebeck (PSI), Benedikt Hermann (PSI) & Urs Haeusler (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU)

An electron beam (blue) passes along the surface of the inverse-designed dielectric structure emitting Smith-Purcell radiation (red).(Image credit: ACS Photonics 2022, 9, 4, 1143-1149 License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Terahertz radiation has a wavelength of 0.1 − 1mm and is situated in the electromagnetic spectrum between infrared (>3 THz) and microwaves (<0.3 THz). It has various applications in scientific and technological areas, including wireless communication, biomedical and material science, and electron acceleration. The most common technique to generate THz radiation uses laser pulses sent onto a nonlinear crystal, which results in broadband THz pulses by a process known as optical rectification. An alternative approach uses free electrons passed along a periodic structure, which emits synchronous radiation via the Smith-Purcell effect. The precise shape of the structure thereby determines the wavelength and spectral width of the emitted radiation.

In a paper recently published by B. Hermann, et al in ACS Photonics, the authors employed the technique of photonic inverse design to optimize a structure for Smith-Purcell radiation from ultra-relativistic electrons. The goal of the optimization was the generation of narrowband THz radiation around a wavelength of 0.9 mm. They manufactured this structure using additive manufacturing on a stereolithography 3D printer and measured the spectrum of the radiation emitted when 3.2 GeV electron bunches from SwissFEL passed through the structure.

Paul Sherrer Institute SwissFEL Coherent Light Source

Since these electron bunches are shorter than the Smith-Purcell wavelength, the radiation is emitted coherently and scales quadratically with the bunch charge.

Figure 1: A 3D-printed inverse design structure for Smith-Purcell radiation. (a) Electrons are accelerated to an energy of 3.2 GeV at SwissFEL and focused into the THz structure. (b) The 2D design of our structure is overlaid onto the field simulation of the magnetic field Hz. (c) The 3D-printed structure is 10mm wide and 45mm long. Adapted from [1], published by ACS Photonics.

Design

At the heart of the inverse design algorithm lies the objective function, which quantifies the performance of a structure design. Here the authors measured the emitted radiation at the design wavelength to evaluate the performance of the structure. The algorithm then maximises this value by varying all possible structure parameters. The parameters can be thought of as the ∼ 10, 000 pixels which define a structure design, but more generally, they can also comprise design constraints, such as symmetry and feature size.

The researchers optimised a single unit cell of the grating with periodic boundaries in a 2D finite differences frequency-domain simulation. The design region excluded a 0.15-mm-broad vacuum channel in the middle to ensure that electrons can propagate freely through the structure. The resulting design (shown in Fig. 1b) exhibits distributed Bragg reflectors on each side of the electron channel, which enable resonant enhancement at the emission wavelength of 0.9 mm. It is this resonant enhancement which yields the desired narrowband emission spectrum.

Fabrication and Measurement

The authors fabricated the inverse-designed structure in a stereolithography 3D printer, which is ideal for rapid prototyping. To this end, they chose a high-temperature polymer resin which fulfils all their requirements: First, it has a low absorption coefficient but high refractive index in the targeted THz range. And second, it needs to comply with the stringent vacuum requirements of the accelerator of SwissFEL. The fabricated structure with a periodicity of 0.9mm is shown in Fig. 1c.

To characterise the performance of the inverse-designed Smith-Purcell radiator, the researchers installed it inside the ACHIP vacuum chamber at SwissFEL and set up an interferometer with a Schottky diode as detector to measure the first-order autocorrelation.

The retrieved spectrum fits well to that of a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation, see Fig. 2. By scanning the charge of the electron bunch, a quadratic scaling of the emitted THz energy was observed, which demonstrates coherent enhancement.

Figure 2: Narrowband emission spectrum. The experimental data (black dots) was retrieved from a first-order autocorrelation measurement. The green curve is the result of a 3D finite-differences time-domain simulation. Adapted from [1], published by ACS Photonics.

Outlook

The wavelength of coherent emission is defined by the periodicity of the structure. As the index of refraction depends only weakly on the frequency in the THz region, the structure can easily be adapted to generate different wavelengths by scaling, and manufacturing using suitable resins reaches sub-micrometre accuracy in commercially available 3D printers. The versatility of inverse design offers the possibility to optimise it for different photon and beam energies. This method could thus advance beam-based THz generation for a wide range of applications.

The THz pulse energy demonstrated in this study was relatively low but can be increased linearly with the collection efficiency and quadratically with the electron bunch charge.
Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Grant GBMF4744 (ACHIP) to Stanford.

The research was published in ACS Photonics:

[1] Benedikt Hermann, Urs Haeusler, Gyanendra Yadav, Adrian Kirchner, Thomas Feurer, Carsten Welsch, Peter Hommelhoff, and Rasmus Ischebeck. Inverse designed narrowband THz radiator for ultrarelativistic electrons. ACS Photonics, 9(4):1143–1149, 2022.

See the full article here .

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Our mission

The Knowledge Transfer group at CERN (CH) aims to engage with experts in science, technology and industry in order to create opportunities for the transfer of CERN’s technology and know-how. The ultimate goal is to accelerate innovation and maximise the global positive impact of CERN on society. This is done by promoting and transferring the technological and human capital developed at CERN. The CERN KT group promotes CERN as a centre of technological excellence, and promotes the positive impact of fundamental research organisations on society.

“Places like CERN contribute to the kind of knowledge that not only enriches humanity, but also provides the wellspring of ideas that become the technologies of the future.”

Fabiola Gianotti, Director-General of CERN

Fabiola Gianotti

From Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire technologies to society

Below, you can see how CERN’s various areas of expertise translates into impact across industies beyond CERN. Read more about this at the from CERN technologies to society page.
The European Southern Observatory [La Observatorio Europeo Austral] [Observatoire européen austral][Europäische Südsternwarte](EU)(CL) [CERN]

From The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN] (CH) “Accelerating Science”

See the full article here.

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Please help promote STEM in your local schools.

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Meet CERN in a variety of places:

Quantum Diaries

Cern Courier

THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS

ATLAS
The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATLAS.

ALICE
The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALICE.

CMS
The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CMS.

LHCb
The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCb.

LHC

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] map.

CERN LHC underground tunnel and tube.

CERN SixTrack LHC particles.

OTHER PROJECTS AT CERN

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AEGIS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALPHA Antimatter Factory.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALPHA-g Detector.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AMS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ASACUSA.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATRAP.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] Antiproton Decelerator.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AWAKE.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] BASE instrument.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CAST Axion Solar Telescope.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CLOUD.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] COMPASS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CRIS experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] DIRAC.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] FASER experiment schematic.

CERN FASER is designed to study the interactions of high-energy neutrinos and search for new as-yet-undiscovered light and weakly interacting particles. Such particles are dominantly produced along the beam collision axis and may be long-lived particles, travelling hundreds of metres before decaying. The existence of such new particles is predicted by many models beyond the Standard Model that attempt to solve some of the biggest puzzles in physics, such as the nature of dark matter and the origin of neutrino masses.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] GBAR.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ISOLDE Looking down into the ISOLDE experimental hall.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCf.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] The MoEDAL experiment- a new light on the high-energy frontier.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NA62.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NA64.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NTOF.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] TOTEM.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] UA9.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] The SPS’s new RF system.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] Proto Dune.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] HiRadMat-High Radiation to Materials.

From The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN] (CH) “Accelerating Science” : “Permanent magnets and a new design paradigm for ultra-low emittance rings”

From The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN] (CH) “Accelerating Science”

Knowledge Transfer

23 June, 2022
Yannis Papaphilippou

In order to reduce the beam emittance by a large factor, the CLIC Collaboration has developed an innovative dipole magnet prototype and built a permanent magnet demonstrator.

Assembly of the prototype with permanent magnet at CIEMAT (Credit: M. Dominguez Martinez, F. Toral/CIEMAT).

The performance of synchrotrons used as light sources, damping rings (DRs) or e+/e- colliders depends heavily in the minimization of the beam size, and thereby the beam emittance, a statistical quantity describing the area occupied by the beam in phase space. Up until now, low emittance was achieved by adjusting the magnets’ arrangement, strength and characteristics. A new design paradigm has been developed by the CLIC Collaboration to further reduce the horizontal emittance by a factor of 2 and reduce ring circumference by 20%. As part of the Collaboration, the first demonstrator of this permanent magnet concept was constructed by CIEMAT in 2021 and measured in 2022.

Figure 1: Longitudinally variable field profile (left), as defined by analytical considerations (dashed black curve), magnetically designed (red) and modelled in MADX (blue).

In planar rings dominated by synchrotron radiation emission, its vertical component depends on the control of magnet and alignment errors and their correction with beam-based methods. The horizontal emittance though strictly depends on the arrangement and strength of magnets of the lattice cell (i.e. the beam optics) and the characteristics of the bending magnets, including their number. The optimal lattice configurations for achieving the absolute minimum horizontal emittance are the theoretical minimum emittance (TME) cells, which is the building block of the multi-bend achromat (MBA) cells, employed in modern low emittance rings. An example is the ESRF-EBS storage ring upgrade, where the horizontal emittance reached 130 pm. In order to further reduce the emittance by a large factor, a new design paradigm is required. By using dipoles whose magnetic field varies longitudinally, the horizontal emittance can be further minimised, as was demonstrated for the design of the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) DRs. In that case, the margin gained in the emittance reduction enabled the removal of a number of TME arc cells, while still keeping the strict emittance requirements of the collider, (i.e. horizontal emittance of around 60 pm).

Figure 2: Mechanical sketch of the permanent magnet concept with trapezoidal bending radius, 2.3 T peak field and ~10 T/m gradient (CERN/CIEMAT).

The optimal dipole field evolution for reaching a low horizontal emittance, was found analytically and then verified numerically (see Fig.1). In particular, it was demonstrated that a hyperbolic field profile (i.e. with a bending radius evolving in a trapezoidal shape), reaching the highest possible field at the centre of the dipole can reduce in principle the theoretical emittance minimum by one order of magnitude. The dipole with this optimal field variation was further refined taking into account technological limitations for the magnet fabrication and a solid magnetic design was conducted by CIEMAT, using permanent magnet enhancers (SmCo at the low field and NdFeB at the high-field section), in order to reach an unprecedented field of 2.3 T, within a few cm of the magnet’s centre. In addition, and using again a hyperbolic pole-tip, a horizontally defocusing quadrupole gradient of 11 T/m was included, which improves the ability to optically match the cell. An added value of this design approach is not only the reduction of the overall cost, scaled by the ring circumference but also of the power consumption, by an equivalent amount of around 20%.

This magnet prototype was recently assembled and measured with very good results, in particular with respect to field quality. A spin-off of this design approach is being applied for the upgrade of the ELETTRA light source in order to reduce the horizontal emittance beyond the 210 pm proposed for the 2.4 GeV ring of the ELETTRA 2.0 study and financed by the I.FAST EU project. The study includes the necessary optics calculations for the ELETTRA MBA cell, by replacing all the dipoles with longitudinally varying ones, with an optimised hyperbolic field profile. The specifications of the magnets will be then used for the magnetic and mechanical design, based on the experience already gained by CIEMAT. Thereby, a solid basis for the fabrication of the magnet prototype will be established and the manufacturing will be conducted by KYMA, a leading industrial partner in the development of magnet technologies for X-ray sources and, in particular, insertion devices. The prototyping procedure and acceptance tests will shape the industrialisation procedure towards a series fabrication of such an innovative magnet device and its full inclusion to future upgrades of ring-based synchrotron light sources.

See the full article here .

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Please help promote STEM in your local schools.

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Our mission

The Knowledge Transfer group at CERN (CH) aims to engage with experts in science, technology and industry in order to create opportunities for the transfer of CERN’s technology and know-how. The ultimate goal is to accelerate innovation and maximise the global positive impact of CERN on society. This is done by promoting and transferring the technological and human capital developed at CERN. The CERN KT group promotes CERN as a centre of technological excellence, and promotes the positive impact of fundamental research organisations on society.

“Places like CERN contribute to the kind of knowledge that not only enriches humanity, but also provides the wellspring of ideas that become the technologies of the future.”

Fabiola Gianotti, Director-General of CERN

Fabiola Gianotti

From Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire technologies to society

Below, you can see how CERN’s various areas of expertise translates into impact across industies beyond CERN. Read more about this at the from CERN technologies to society page.
The European Southern Observatory [La Observatorio Europeo Austral] [Observatoire européen austral][Europäische Südsternwarte](EU)(CL) [CERN]

From The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN] (CH) “Accelerating Science”

See the full article here.

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Please help promote STEM in your local schools.

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Meet CERN in a variety of places:

Quantum Diaries

Cern Courier

THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS

ATLAS
The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATLAS.

ALICE
The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALICE.

CMS
The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CMS.

LHCb
The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCb.

LHC

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] map.

CERN LHC underground tunnel and tube.

CERN SixTrack LHC particles.

OTHER PROJECTS AT CERN

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AEGIS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALPHA Antimatter Factory.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ALPHA-g Detector.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AMS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ASACUSA.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ATRAP.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] Antiproton Decelerator.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] AWAKE.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] BASE instrument.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CAST Axion Solar Telescope.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CLOUD.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] COMPASS.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] CRIS experiment.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] DIRAC.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] FASER experiment schematic.

CERN FASER is designed to study the interactions of high-energy neutrinos and search for new as-yet-undiscovered light and weakly interacting particles. Such particles are dominantly produced along the beam collision axis and may be long-lived particles, travelling hundreds of metres before decaying. The existence of such new particles is predicted by many models beyond the Standard Model that attempt to solve some of the biggest puzzles in physics, such as the nature of dark matter and the origin of neutrino masses.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] GBAR.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] ISOLDE Looking down into the ISOLDE experimental hall.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] LHCf.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] The MoEDAL experiment- a new light on the high-energy frontier.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NA62.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NA64.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] NTOF.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] TOTEM.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] UA9.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] The SPS’s new RF system.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] Proto Dune.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH)[CERN] HiRadMat-High Radiation to Materials.

From Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ PAN) at Polish Academy of Sciences.: “The proton’s innate charm may trouble astronomers”

From Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ PAN) at Polish Academy of Sciences.

24 March 2022

Dr. Rafał Maciuła
The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
tel.: +48 12 662 8240
email: rafal.maciula@ifj.edu.pl

Prof. Antoni Szczurek
The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
tel.: +48 12 662 8212
email: antoni.szczurek@ifj.edu.pl

Charm quarks and antiquarks in protons of atomic nuclei of the Earth’s atmospheric gases may produce some of neutrinos recorded by modern neutrino detectors. (Sources: The University of Wisconsin Ice-Cube Neutrino Observatory/The National Science Foundation)

Can the neutrino eyes of humanity, observatories such as the IceCube in Antarctica, really see neutrinos coming from deep space? The answer is beginning to come from experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) where, amongst others, the internal structure of protons is being studied.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research [La Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear][Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN].

CERN LHC tube in the tunnel. Credit: Maximilien Brice and Julien Marius Ordan.

SixTRack CERN LHC particles.

According to the latest model by physicists from the IFJ PAS, this structure seems to be richer in charm particles to a degree that makes it difficult for terrestrial neutrino observers to interpret what they see.

Contrary to popular notions, the proton may consist of not three, but even five quarks. An additional pair is then formed by a quark and antiquark created in the interactions of gluons inside the proton. It has long been supposed that these ‘extra’ pairs can sometimes even be made of such massive quarks and antiquarks as charm. It now turns out that taking into account the intrinsic charm of protons allows us to more accurately describe the course of phenomena recently recorded in one of the low-energy experiments at the LHCb detector at the LHC.

The European Southern Observatory [La Observatorio Europeo Austral][Observatoire européen austral][Europäische Südsternwarte](EU)(CL) LHCb

The relevant theoretical model is presented by physicists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) in Cracow in Physical Review D.

School textbooks paint a picture of the proton as a particle being a simple conglomeration of three quarks: two up quarks and one down quark, glued together by strong interactions carried by gluons. In physics, such a simplified model has not had a long career. Already at the end of the 1980s, it turned out that in order to explain the observed phenomena one has to take into account light quarks coming from the meson cloud in the nucleon (these are so-called higher Flock states). Surprisingly, the effect is not at all marginal and may represent even a 30% correction with respect to the simple three-quark model. Unfortunately, so far it has not been possible to determine how large a similar contribution from charm quarks is.

“”Our earlier models of charm formation have repeatedly shown agreement with experiments. At high energies of proton collisions, when two opposing beams of protons underwent mutual interactions at the LHC, we were able to describe quite well the production of pairs involving charm quarks and antiquarks. The thing is, however, that although they were formed during proton collisions, they did not come from the interior of protons. They were created as a result of the fusion of gluons that had been emitted by protons a bit earlier,”” says Prof. Antoni Szczurek (IFJ PAN).

Hope for progress in tracing the charm inside the protons themselves was brought by recent measurements performed in the LHCb detector with a single proton beam aimed at a stationary helium or argon gas target.

“”When collisions occur at the highest energies at the LHC, a large proportion of particles that are products of proton collisions move in the ‘forward’ direction, along the proton beams. As a result, they end up in an area where, for technical reasons, there are no detectors. However, the collisions of protons with helium nuclei, which we have just analysed, took place at energies up to several tens of times lower than the maximum energies reached by the LHC. The products of collisions bounced around at greater angles, more sideways, and as a result were registered in detectors and we could look at them,”” explains Dr. Rafał Maciuła (IFJ PAN).

To describe the data from the experiment at the LHCb detector, the Cracow-based physicists used a model extended by the possibility of a charm quark or antiquark breaking out from inside the proton. Calculating the probability of such a process from first principles was not possible. The researchers therefore decided to check at what probability values the agreement between the model predictions and the recorded data would be the highest. The result obtained suggested that the contribution of charm pairs inside the proton is no greater than about 1%.

After breaking out of the proton’s interior, the charm quark-antiquark pair quickly changes into short-lived D0 mesons and antimesons, which in turn produce more particles, including neutrinos. This fact inspired physicists from the IFJ PAN to confront the new model with data recorded by the IceCube neutrino observatory in Antarctica.

Nowadays, thanks to the techniques used, the IceCube scientists are sure that if they register a neutrino with a huge energy (of the order of hundreds of teraelectronvolts), it means that the particle came from deep space. It is further assumed that neutrinos with slightly lower, but still rare high energies, are also cosmogenic in nature. However, if a charm quark-antiquark pair can be knocked out of the proton interior, decaying in a cascade containing high-energy neutrinos, this interpretation can be challenged. Indeed, neutrinos in a certain energy range, currently being recorded, may originate not from space, but precisely from cascades initiated by collisions between particles of primary cosmic radiation and atmospheric gas nuclei. An article exploring this possi¬bility has gone to press in the European Physical Journal C.

“”In analysing the IceCube observatory data, we adopted the following tactic. Let’s assume that virtually all currently recorded neutrinos in the energy range we are studying originate from the atmosphere. What would the contribution of charm quark-antiquark pairs inside the proton have to be in order for us to get agreement with the measurements to date using our model? Imagine that we obtained a value of the order of one percent, virtually identical to the value from the model describing proton-helium collisions in the LHCb detector!”” says Dr Maciuła.

The convergence of estimates for both the cases discussed above requires great caution in deter-mining the sources of neutrinos recorded by modern observatories. However, the Cracow researchers stress that their results impose only an upper limit on the contribution of charm quarks and antiquarks to the structure of the proton. If it turns out to be smaller, at least some of the currently detected high-energy neutrinos will retain their cosmic nature. However, if the upper limit is the correct estimate, our interpretation of their sources of origin will have to change significantly, and IceCube will turn out to be not only an astronomical observatory, but also… atmospheric.

See the full article here.

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Please help promote STEM in your local schools.

Stem Education Coalition

The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ PAN) is currently one of the largest research institute of the The Polish Academy of Sciences [Polska Akademia Nauk](PL).

The broad range of studies and activities of IFJ PAN includes basic and applied research, ranging from particle physics and astrophysics, through hadron physics, high-, medium-, and low-energy nuclear physics, condensed matter physics (including materials engineering), to various applications of methods of nuclear physics in interdisciplinary research, covering medical physics, dosimetry, radiation and environmental biology, environmental protection, and other related disciplines.

The average yearly yield of the IFJ PAN in recent years encompasses over 600 scientific papers in the Journal Citation Reports published by the Clarivate Analytics.

The part of the Institute is the Cyclotron Centre Bronowice (CCB) which is an infrastructure, unique in Central Europe, to serve as a clinical and research centre in the area of medical and nuclear physics.

IFJ PAN is a member of the Marian Smoluchowski Kraków Research Consortium: “Matter-Energy-Future” which possesses the status of a Leading National Research Centre (KNOW) in physics for the years 2012-2017.

In 2017 the European Commission granted to the Institute the HR Excellence in Research award.

The Institute is of A+ Category (leading level in Polish) in the field of sciences and engineering.

From The Conversation (AU) via phys.org : “2021 A year physicists asked ‘What lies beyond the Standard Model?'”

From The Conversation (AU)

via

phys.org

December 23, 2021
Aaron McGowan, The Conversation

Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider in Europe, like the ATLAS calorimeter seen here, are providing more accurate measurements of fundamental particles. Credit: Maximilien Brice, CC BY-NC.

European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN].

“If you ask a physicist like me to explain how the world works, my lazy answer might be: ‘It follows the Standard Model.’

Standard Model of Particle Physics, Quantum Diaries

The Standard Model explains the fundamental physics of how the universe works. It has endured over 50 trips around the Sun despite experimental physicists constantly probing for cracks in the model’s foundations.

With few exceptions, it has stood up to this scrutiny, passing experimental test after experimental test with flying colors. But this wildly successful model has conceptual gaps that suggest there is a bit more to be learned about how the universe works.

I am a neutrino physicist. Neutrinos represent three of the 17 fundamental particles in the Standard Model. They zip through every person on Earth at all times of day. I study the properties of interactions between neutrinos and normal matter particles.

In 2021, physicists around the world ran a number of experiments that probed the Standard Model. Teams measured basic parameters of the model more precisely than ever before. Others investigated the fringes of knowledge where the best experimental measurements don’t quite match the predictions made by the Standard Model. And finally, groups built more powerful technologies designed to push the model to its limits and potentially discover new particles and fields. If these efforts pan out, they could lead to a more complete theory of the universe in the future.

Filling holes in Standard Model

In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the first fundamental particle, the electron, using nothing more than glass vacuum tubes and wires. More than 100 years later, physicists are still discovering new pieces of the Standard Model.

The Standard Model of physics allows scientists to make incredibly accurate predictions about how the world works, but it doesn’t explain everything. Credit: CERN, CC BY-NC.

The Standard Model is a predictive framework that does two things. First, it explains what the basic particles of matter are. These are things like electrons and the quarks that make up protons and neutrons. Second, it predicts how these matter particles interact with each other using “messenger particles.” These are called bosons—they include photons and the famous Higgs boson—and they communicate the basic forces of nature. The Higgs boson wasn’t discovered until 2012 after decades of work at The European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire](CH), the huge particle collider in Europe.

European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) CMS Higgs Event May 27, 2012.

European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) ATLAS Higgs Event June 18, 2012.

Peter Higgs – University of Edinburgh [Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann] (SCT).

The Standard Model is incredibly good at predicting many aspects of how the world works, but it does have some holes.

Notably, it does not include any description of gravity. While Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity describes how gravity works, physicists have not yet discovered a particle that conveys the force of gravity [Quantum Mechanics’ ‘graviton’]. A proper “Theory of Everything” would do everything the Standard Model can, but also include the messenger particles that communicate how gravity interacts with other particles.

Another thing the Standard Model can’t do is explain why any particle has a certain mass—physicists must measure the mass of particles directly using experiments. Only after experiments give physicists these exact masses can they be used for predictions. The better the measurements, the better the predictions that can be made.

Recently, physicists on a team at CERN measured how strongly the Higgs boson feels itself.

Twice the Higgs, twice the challenge
ATLAS searches for pairs of Higgs bosons in the rare bbɣɣ decay channel, 29 March 2021.

Another CERN team also measured the Higgs boson’s mass more precisely than ever before.

A new result by the CMS Collaboration narrows down the mass of the Higgs boson to a precision of 0.1%.

And finally, there was also progress on measuring the mass of neutrinos.

KATRIN experiment aims to measure the mass of the neutrino using a huge device called a spectrometer (interior shown)KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology [Karlsruher Institut für Technologie] (DE).

Physicists know neutrinos have more than zero mass but less than the amount currently detectable. A team in Germany has continued to refine the techniques that could allow them to directly measure the mass of neutrinos.

Hints of new forces or particles

In April 2021, members of the Muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab announced their first measurement of the magnetic moment of the muon.

DOE’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory(US) Muon g-2 studio. As muons race around a ring at the Muon g-2 studio, their spin axes twirl, reflecting the influence of unseen particles.

The muon is one of the fundamental particles in the Standard Model, and this measurement of one of its properties is the most accurate to date. The reason this experiment was important was because the measurement didn’t perfectly match the Standard Model prediction of the magnetic moment. Basically, muons don’t behave as they should. This finding could point to undiscovered particles that interact with muons.

But simultaneously, in April 2021, physicist Zoltan Fodor and his colleagues showed how they used a mathematical method called Lattice QCD to precisely calculate the muon’s magnetic moment. Their theoretical prediction is different from old predictions, still works within the Standard Model and, importantly, matches experimental measurements of the muon.

The disagreement between the previously accepted predictions, this new result and the new prediction must be reconciled before physicists will know if the experimental result is truly beyond the Standard Model.

Upgrading the tools of physics

Physicists must swing between crafting the mind-bending ideas about reality that make up theories and advancing technologies to the point where new experiments can test those theories. 2021 was a big year for advancing the experimental tools of physics.

First, the world’s largest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, was shut down and underwent some substantial upgrades. Physicists just restarted the facility in October, and they plan to begin the next data collection run in May 2022. The upgrades have boosted the power of the collider so that it can produce collisions at 14 TeV, up from the previous limit of 13 TeV. This means the batches of tiny protons that travel in beams around the circular accelerator together carry the same amount of energy as an 800,000-pound (360,000-kilogram) passenger train traveling at 100 mph (160 kph). At these incredible energies, physicists may discover new particles that were too heavy to see at lower energies.

SixTRack CERN LHC particles.

Some other technological advancements were made to help the search for dark matter. Many astrophysicists believe that dark matter particles, which don’t currently fit into the Standard Model, could answer some outstanding questions regarding the way gravity bends around stars—called gravitational lensing—as well as the speed at which stars rotate in spiral galaxies. Projects like the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search have yet to find dark matter particles, but the teams are developing larger and more sensitive detectors to be deployed in the near future.

Gravitational Lensing National Aeronautics Space Agency (US) and European Space Agency [Agence spatiale européenne][Europäische Weltraumorganisation](EU).

Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search at DOE’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) at Stanford University (US) at SNOLAB (Vale Inco Mine, Sudbury, Canada).

Particularly relevant to my work with neutrinos is the development of immense new detectors like Hyper-Kamiokande and DUNE.

Hyper-Kamiokande [(神岡宇宙素粒子研究施設](JP) a neutrino physics laboratory to be located underground in the Mozumi Mine of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co. near the Kamioka section of the city of Hida in Gifu Prefecture, Japan.

DOE’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory(US) DUNE LBNF (US) from FNAL to Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota, USA.

DOE’s Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory(US) DUNE LBNF (US) Caverns at Sanford Underground Research Facility.

Using these detectors, scientists will hopefully be able to answer questions about a fundamental asymmetry in how neutrinos oscillate. They will also be used to watch for proton decay, a proposed phenomenon that certain theories predict should occur.

2021 highlighted some of the ways the Standard Model fails to explain every mystery of the universe. But new measurements and new technology are helping physicists move forward in the search for the Theory of Everything.”

See the full article here .

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From European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN]: “Speeding up machine learning for particle physics”

European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN]

From European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN]

21 June, 2021
Ana Lopes

A new technique speeds up deep neural networks for selecting proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider for further analysis.

An ultra-compressed deep neural network on a field-programmable gate array. (Image: Sioni P. Summers)

Machine learning is everywhere. For example, it’s how Spotify gives you suggestions of what to listen to next or how Siri answers your questions. And it’s used in particle physics too, from theoretical calculations to data analysis. Now a team including researchers from CERN and Google has come up with a new method to speed up deep neural networks – a form of machine-learning algorithms – for selecting proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) for further analysis. The technique, described in a paper just published in Nature Machine Intelligence, could also be used beyond particle physics.

The particle detectors around the LHC ring use an electronic hardware “trigger” system to select potentially interesting particle collisions for further analysis. With the current rate of proton–proton collisions at the LHC, up to 1 billion collisions per second, the software currently in use on the detectors’ trigger systems chooses whether or not to select a collision in the required time, which is a mere microsecond. But with the collision rate set to increase by a factor of 5 to 7 with the future upgraded LHC, the HL-LHC, researchers are exploring alternative software, including machine-learning algorithms, that could make this choice faster.

Enter the new study by CERN researchers and co-workers, which builds on previous work [Journal of Instrumentation] that introduced a software tool to deploy deep neural networks on a type of hardware, called field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), that can be programmed to perform different tasks, including selecting particle collisions of interest. The CERN researchers and their colleagues developed a technique that reduces the size of a deep neural network by a factor of 50 and achieves a network processing time of tens of nanoseconds – well below the time available to choose whether to save or discard a collision.

“The technique boils down to compressing the deep neural network by reducing the numerical precision of the parameters that describe it,” says co-author of the study and CERN researcher Vladimir Loncar. “This is done during the training, or learning, of the network, allowing the network to adapt to the change. In this way, you can reduce the network size and processing time, without a loss in network performance.”

In addition, the technique can find which numerical precision is best to use given certain hardware constraints, such as the amount of available hardware resources.

If that wasn’t enough, the technique has the advantage that it is easy to use for non-experts, and it can be used on FPGAs in particle detectors and in other devices that require networks with fast processing times and small sizes.

Looking forward, the researchers want to use their technique to design a new kind of trigger system for spotting collisions that would normally be discarded by a conventional trigger system but that could hide new phenomena. “The ultimate goal is to be able to capture collisions that could point to new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics,” says another co-author of the study and CERN researcher Thea Aarrestad.

See the full article here.

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Meet CERN in a variety of places:

Quantum Diaries

Cern Courier

THE FOUR MAJOR PROJECT COLLABORATIONS

ATLAS

European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire](CH) ATLAS

ALICE

European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire](CH) ALICE

CMS

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) CMS

LHCb

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) LHCb.

LHC

European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire(CH) map .

CERN LHC underground tunnel and tube.

CERN SixTrack LHC particles.

OTHER PROJECTS AT CERN

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU)[CERN] AEGIS.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN]ALPHA Antimatter Factory.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] ALPHA-g Detector.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN]AMS.

</a European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] ASACUSA.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] ATRAP.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] Antiproton Decelerator.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN]AWAKE.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] BASE: Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] BASE experiment.

</a European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] CAST Axion Solar Telescope.

</a European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] CLOUD.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] COMPASS.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN]DIRAC.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] FASER experiment schematic.

CERN FASER is designed to study the interactions of high-energy neutrinos and search for new as-yet-undiscovered light and weakly interacting particles. Such particles are dominantly produced along the beam collision axis and may be long-lived particles, travelling hundreds of metres before decaying. The existence of such new particles is predicted by many models beyond the Standard Model that attempt to solve some of the biggest puzzles in physics, such as the nature of dark matter and the origin of neutrino masses.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] GBAR.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN]ISOLDE Looking down into the ISOLDE experimental hall..

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] LHCf.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] NA62.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] NA64..

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] NTOF.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN]TOTEM..

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] UA9.

European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire)(EU) [CERN] Proto Dune.

From Science News : “Physicists dream big with an idea for a particle collider on the moon”

From Science News

6.10.21
Emily Conover

Though the idea of building a particle collider on the moon seems out of this world, physicists are considering the possibilities. Credit: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (US)/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (US).

If you could peer into a particle physicist’s daydream, you might spy a vision of a giant lunar particle accelerator. Now, researchers have calculated what such an enormous, hypothetical machine could achieve.

A particle collider encircling the moon could reach an energy of 14 quadrillion electron volts, physicists report June 6 at Nature Physics. That’s about 1,000 times the energy of the world’s biggest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC, at CERN near Geneva.

European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN]

CERN LHC underground tunnel and tube.

SixTRack CERN LHC particles

It’s not an idea anyone expects will become reality anytime soon, says particle physicist James Beacham of Duke University (US). Instead, he and physicist Frank Zimmermann of European Organization for Nuclear Research [Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire] [Europäische Organisation für Kernforschung](CH) [CERN]considered the possibility “primarily for fun.” But physicists of future generations could potentially build a collider on the moon, Beacham says.

Such a fantastical machine would probably be buried under the moon’s surface to avoid wild temperature swings, the researchers say, and could be powered by a ring of solar panels around the moon.

To understand how the laws of physics work at energies higher than that of the LHC, scientists will need bigger accelerators (SN: 1/22/19). For example, the proposed Earth-based Future Circular Collider would be 100 kilometers in circumference, dwarfing the LHC’s 27-kilometer ring. A collider encircling the moon would be about 11,000 km around.

CERN FCC Future Circular Collider details of proposed 100km-diameter successor to LHC.

While building a collider that big on Earth might be possible, it could potentially displace people who live in its path — not an issue on the moon. But, like other proposed projects that could alter the moon’s appearance (SN: 6/7/19), the idea raises thorny questions about who gets to decide the fate of the Earth’s companion, Beacham acknowledges. Those questions will presumably be left for future generations to sort out.

See the full article here .

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